Gargoyle

Living and Architectural Gargoyles

Gargoyles are one of the Three Races.

History

The exact origins of gargoyles lie so far back in the mists of time that we have no certain details as to how they came about. However, what evidence we have suggests that they are descended from the great reptiles of the Mesozoic Era, possibly pterosaurs or the mammal-like reptiles. It is certain, at the least, that they are native to this world rather than extra-terrestrials, and that they arose through natural causes rather than being the creation of magic. Gargoyles were the first of the Three Races to come into existence, preceding not only humans but even Oberon's Children. They enjoy a close link to the Earth that may be the result of their great age, and which may be the reason for their stone sleep.

By the dawn of recorded human history, gargoyles had spread throughout the planet, and clans could be found all over the world. This period of prosperity came to an end, however, when humans learned how to work metal, particularly with the dawn of the Iron Age. Humans had long feared gargoyles, believing them to be demonic monsters because of their frightening appearance and nocturnal nature, but had up until now been no threat to them; at night, the gargoyles were too formidable to be safely challenged, being stronger than humans, and the crude and primitive weapons of the Stone Age were no danger to a gargoyle in stone sleep. But when humans armed themselves with iron weapons, they could come upon gargoyles in their stone sleep and shatter them. Many clans were destroyed this way, and the remainder were forced to retreat far from human society, into the wilderness where it was safe.

But not all humans treated gargoyles this way. Some humans realized that the gargoyles, because of their fighting skills, made excellent allies in defending their homes from rival human bands. These humans sought out gargoyle clans and obtained permission from them to build fortified homes for themselves atop the cliffs where gargoyles kept their rookeries. By day, the humans in such a fortress would watch over the gargoyles in their sleep, and protect them from harm, while at night, the gargoyles would protect the humans' home from attackers. And for a while, this strategy worked.

But it did not last long. As time wore on, the humans who had initially formed these alliances came to fear their gargoyle protectors, considering them unnatural creatures and savage beasts. Tensions grew between the two races, and usually, they ended with the humans turning on their former protectors and destroying them. The numbers of gargoyles grew steadily fewer. At last, humans came to abandon these alliances altogether (for the most part), and the surviving gargoyles fled into the wilds to hide. By 1994, there were only eight gargoyle clans left in the world.

Beyond this general course of gargoyle history, a few specific events stand out. The earliest recorded event in gargoyle history took place during the reign of Caesar Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14), the first Emperor of Rome. By Augustus's day, there were few gargoyles living in the lands taken up by the Roman Empire, largely because there was so little wilderness left in it for them to hide in, but occasionally, gargoyles were brought before the Emperor.

At that time, gargoyles' garments did not turn to stone with them in the daytime, and so when a gargoyle awakened from stone sleep at sunset, his or her garments would be torn asunder by the process, rendering him or her naked. Augustus, a man with strong "family values" and very desirous of restoring high standards of morality to Rome, was displeased by this, and had one of his advisers, a powerful wizard, cast a "spell of humility" over the entire gargoyle race, causing their clothes to turn to stone with them henceforth.

At about this time, the legendary Irish hero Cu Chullain was accompanied on many of his adventures, including his defeat of the Banshee, by a gargoyle beast which came to be known as the "Hound of Ulster" (although later on, the name came to be applied to Cu Chullain himself and the gargoyle beast came to be forgotten). About five hundred years later, King Arthur Pendragon of Britain also made the acquaintance of gargoyles, although the medieval romancers who wrote about him and his knights likewise ignored their part in the history of Camelot. But few humans were as willing to accept gargoyles as these two legendary heroes had been.

And so, by the dawn of the High Middle Ages in the 11th century, gargoyles had become so rare that humans believed them to be extinct (and few mourned that). Indeed, in Europe the 11th century saw the end of one of the last alliances between humans and gargoyles, that formed between King Macbeth of Scotland (1040-1057) and Demona, which ended in 1057 when Demona betrayed Macbeth to the forces of Malcolm Canmore, bringing about the destruction of Demona's Clan as well as Macbeth's downfall. The Age of Gargoyles was at an end.

In spite of this, humans vaguely remembered that gargoyles were protectors, and although it did nothing to change their opinions about living gargoyles, they still placed gargoyle-like sculptures atop their castles and cathedrals, believing that they would protect these places from demons and evil spirits. So some measure of the true legacy of gargoyles remained.

In 1996, humanity as a whole suddenly became aware of the existence of living gargoyles once again when Goliath and the Manhattan Clan were revealed to the public in New York City by the Hunters, and most of them were terrified. Most of the human citizens of New York called out for the gargoyles to be destroyed or captured and locked away, and some of them even joined an organization of gargoyle-hunters called Quarrymen.

The years that follow for gargoyles will be dark and dangerous ones, but in the end, humans will gradually come to realize their true nature, and learn to at least tolerate them. At some point before 2188, the United Nations will finally adopt the Gargoyle Minority Protection Act, which will grant the gargoyles Protected Minority status and treat their scattered clans as an independent nation-state. Gargoyles will still be only grudgingly tolerated at this point, however, not altogether accepted. They will make a comeback, however; by 2188, their numbers will have increased to twelve clans (one at New Camelot in the Antarctic, and another at Wyvern Hill in Scotland), and a thirteenth clan, the Liberty Clan, will be founded on Queen Florence Island in 2198.

For more information on Gargoyle Clans, please see that entry.

Biology

Gargoyles are part of a biological class called "gargates," presumably descended from the great reptiles of the Mesozoic Era or the late Paleozoic Era. The only other known species in this group is that of the gargoyle beasts, which were domesticated by gargoyles as companions millennia ago.

The most prominent biological feature of gargoyles is that they turn to stone in the daytime. This trait of theirs, known as "stone sleep", is dealt with in greater detail in a separate entry; suffice it to say that at sunrise gargoyles (and gargoyle beasts) turn to stone or, to be more accurate, an organic substance similar to stone and remain that way until sunset. During this time, gargoyles sleep and dream, injuries sustained during the night heal, and they apparently absorb thermal energy from the sun's rays that gives them most of their energy. Doctor Sevarius has hypothesized that without this last feature, a gargoyle would have to eat the equivalent of three cows a night in order to get airborne.

Gargoyles have a greater resistance to the cold than humans do, possibly due to a thicker skin, or hide. Gargoyles are probably at least partly warm-blooded, especially considering their activity level in cold weather. However, because they obtain most of their energy from sunlight and heat during their sleep, they could be considered partially cold-blooded as well.

However, like most animals, but unlike most mammals, they lay eggs. A female gargoyle lays one egg at a time every twenty years; this low birth rate is one reason why gargoyles are so rare. Gargoyle eggs take ten years to hatch. Female gargoyles nurse their young with breastmilk, however.

Gargoyles do not age during their stone sleep, so they age only half as quickly as humans do. Thus, a 30-year-old gargoyle would be biologically equivalent to a 15-year-old human. A gargoyle could theoretically live to close to 200, but most gargoyles die premature deaths through being slain in battle or smashed in their stone sleep. Gargoyles such as Hudson who live to a ripe old age are rare indeed.

Gargoyle appearance varies from clan to clan, and even gargoyles within the same clan look very different, and are usually easily told apart. Some sort of overall gargoyle anatomical norm does seem to exist, however, judging from the Scottish, Guatemalan, and Japanese clans. And many gargoyles depart from this "norm" dramatically. The London gargoyles, for example, resemble heraldic animals with feathered wings, and Zafiro of the Mayan Clan looks very much like a winged serpent, with no visible (external) hind legs. The Loch Ness gargoyles are semi-amphibious, though the details of their appearance is unknown.

Besides their shared trait of stone sleep, the most prominent gargoyle feature is the number of limbs they possess. Gargoyles are the only (living) vertebrates with more than four limbs. Gargoyles are bipedal, although they can easily run on all fours if they need to, and more or less humanoid in shape. Their wings are usually leathery, most commonly bat-like, but sometimes pterodactyl-like (as with Brooklyn) or web-like in the manner of a flying squirrel (as with Lexington). However, the gargoyles in the London clan have a feather-like covering on their wings.

Some gargoyles have human-like faces, such as Goliath, Demona, and Angela, while others have long snouts or beaks such as Brooklyn, and still others seem to have a sort of rounded muzzle, more simian in appearance like Broadway or Lexington. Some gargoyles have hair, while others, such as Lexington and Broadway, are bald. Hairlessness or thin hair seems to hold no significant influence on Gargoyle society or relations. Hudson's hair is gray and thinner, and has likely (if Brooklyn is any indication) always been gray. Hudson is the only living gargoyle of the Wyvern clan to exhibit facial hair, so body-hair may not be common amongst gargoyles. None of the gargoyles have been seen to shave, or indeed even groom, so the growth may take a tremendous amount of time and effort on their part.

Most if not all gargoyles have some sort of brow-ridge above the eyes in place of eyebrows, and/or horns upon their foreheads. These seem to be genetic, but they also suggest a certain amount of individual distinction. No two gargoyles have identical brow-ridges, and the ridges move with their expression, which seems to suggest they are not bone, or are covered in thick soft tissue.

Gargoyle skin color varies noticeably within a clan; for example, Goliath and Angela are both lavender, Demona sky-blue, Hudson a tan color, Brooklyn red, Lexington a sort of khaki, and Broadway turquoise. Other observed colors are teal, green, golden, tawny, orange, pink, white, pale green, and grey. Hair may be brown, white, black, yellow, or red.

All gargoyles, even web-winged types like Lexington, possess a complicated and highly refined set of additional musculature and skeletal structures above what humans identify as lateral muscles on their dorsal (back) side allowing use of their powerful wings. Their tails are prehensile, they possess enlarged canines like those of big cats, and typically have four digits adorning each limb (including their wings), though this too seems to have a degree of variance. Their major hinge joints often feature a type of spike or horn-like growth, particularly protruding from their elbows and knees, and some gargoyles' wings are adorned with these bony ornaments.

Gargoyles' arms end in hands with three clawed fingers and a fully opposable clawed thumb. Their legs are digitigrade, with hip, knee, and ankle joints fully flexible like that of a cat; they walk upright on their toes. Gargoyles refer to their feet and hands as "talons," and accurately so considering the strength they possess. In the case of their feet, they are roughly talon shaped, with three arched toes each ending in a powerful claw, and a fourth toe on each heel that points backward like that of a bird of prey, perhaps in order to provide the gargoyles with superior grip and balance even in the precarious environs of their preferred habitats. Their wings typically feature the same configuration as their hands, with the phalanges/fingers in the wings operating similar to that of large bats, with a thumb-like structure they use to "cape" their wings, or to grip at a rough surface. Some gargoyles, such as Lexington, have no digits in the wing limb, while others, like Brooklyn, have only one digit to support the wing membrane while the others stick out somewhat like fingers of the hand. Further variances exist between particular individual gargoyles, but physical characteristics tend to share some commonality across individuals from the same clan.

Gargoyles seem to be omnivorous, but like some humans they prefer a general diet focusing on meat or fish as a primary food source. It can only be inferred from their evidence and physical appearance that gargoyles are descendants of a highly efficient, specialized group of predators. Hunting from the air would require superb eyesight (quite possibly enhanced by whatever biochemical reaction causes the glow of their eyes), sophisticated reaction times, and excellent hearing. Visual evidence suggests these attributes as well; their ears are pointed and seem to be deeper than human or simian ears, giving them greater reception of noise. Goliath demonstrates his attenuation to his senses during his first trip through Central Park with Elisa, when he heard the subtle movements of a highly trained, highly coordinated group of special-operations mercenaries, clues that even Elisa with her police background missed. Gargoyles also seem to have a highly developed sense of smell, often using it to verify an unknown or to initially inspect an area, as Brooklyn did when first meeting Elisa; he gave two quick sniffs and then immediately questioned Goliath as to whether she was a new friend (or potentially an enemy). They seem to also use their sense of smell to steady themselves when surprised. Gargoyles will frequently inhale deeply via their noses when in deep thought, an observable trait across all gargoyles, though because of his philosophical nature, Goliath does this more often.

When gargoyles are awakening from their stone sleep or are angry, their eyes glow. In general, male gargoyles' eyes glow white, and female gargoyles' eyes glow red. Gargoyle eyes have visible irises and whites; a feature which they share with humans, but which most animals lack.

Gargoyles are immensely strong, and can actually scale stone walls, digging their claws into the stone to provide footholds for themselves. However, despite their wings, they are not capable of actual flight. They can only glide upon air currents. When gargoyles are not gliding and are on the ground, they can "cape" their wings about their shoulders (with the exception of such gargoyles as Lexington, whose wings are attached to their arms). It should also be noted that, while incapable of flight per se, gargoyle wings are extremely nimble and powerful. Gargoyles on the ground use their wings as a projection of their size, often flaring their wings outward to do battle, even in confined spaces. This serves two purposes: a perceived increase in size, and an extra weapon, as gargoyles will frequently slap their enemies with their wings, or use the back of the wings as a sort of shield. They also use their wings as we use our arms, tapping objects (as Goliath did when he tapped on the camera lens in Macbeth's house) or pointing with them when it is more convenient.

Naturally, gargoyles are biologically very different from humans. Although both species are sentient and native to Earth, they cannot produce children together, short of scientific or magical intervention. Indeed, gargoyle-human pairings are almost non-existent; Goliath and Elisa's own relationship is probably of a one-of-a-kind nature.

Gargoyles are strongly in tune with the natural cycles of Earth, and there is some evidence that due to the nature of their stone sleep, they may not be capable of living off of the planet.

Culture and Social Customs

Gargoyles live in clans, gatherings of fairly closely-related gargoyles. Each clan has a leader, and a second-in-command underneath. The leader's function is self-explanatory; the second-in-command's function is to lead the clan in the leader's absence, and to succeed to the leader position in case the leader is slain or has to step down due to unfitness. (Indeed, leaders of gargoyle clans have to appoint seconds-in-command to ensure a ready-made successor for such an occasion).

Gargoyles are in many ways, a very communal race, and this is particularly the case with the hatchlings.

Gargoyle children are raised by the entire clan, and the concept of biological parentage does not exist. This custom seems to have arisen thanks to the high death rate in gargoyle society; since it is entirely possible that a hatchling's biological parents meet death even before his or her hatching, this policy ensures that orphans will not exist in the clan, and that all hatchlings will be cared for, protected, and raised.

While this system has traditionally been the custom, it has, in recent years, been challenged in at least one individual case: that of Angela. Thanks to her having been raised by humans, she was more ready to accept the concept of having an individual father and mother than most young gargoyles, and when she discovered from Sevarius that Goliath was her biological father, looked upon him as such. Goliath disapproved of this for a long while, feeling that such an outlook was not the Gargoyle Way, and also fearing that from there, Angela would find out who her biological mother was; certainly an understandable worry given that that same mother was Demona. But in the end, Diane Maza persuaded him to accept her, which he did.

(Whether Angela and Broadway will similarly raise their own offspring to come, Artus, Gwenyvere, and Lancelot, as their own, is as yet unknown; the same is likewise the case with Brooklyn and Katana's children Nashville and Tachi. However, it is known that Samson's parentage will be uncertain even by 2198; gargoyles still, in general, see their children as belonging to the entire clan.)

Although hatchlings belong to the entire clan, gargoyles are a strictly monogamous race. They mate for life, and in nearly all cases, when one gargoyle in a pairing dies, the other remains single thereafter. Goliath is a rare exception to this rule, in that he and Demona have "divorced," and Goliath has moved slowly towards a relationship with Elisa Maza.

Gargoyles gather their eggs in caves or underground chambers called rookeries, generally set in mountains or high cliffs, their preferred habitat. (Wyvern Hill is a good example of such a place). Here they can be safely watched over. (It is quite possible that the necessary defense of the rookery from enemies may have been one of the reasons for gargoyles developing their protective instinct).

The primary purpose in gargoyle life is to protect. At first, this consisted of merely protecting the clan and its home, particularly the rookery, but as time went on, many gargoyle clans have since expanded upon the definition of this role. Under the influence of Elisa, Goliath came to undertake such an expansion in modern-day Manhattan, declaring that henceforth, he and his clan would protect the inhabitants of that island, both human and gargoyle, against criminals and lawless men, which led to their patrolling the borough at night and foiling crimes. By the 1990s, the Mayan gargoyles had similarly taken upon themselves the mission of protecting the rain forest around their pyramid, rather than just the pyramid itself, and Goliath and Griff together introduced to the other gargoyles of London (or at least Leo and Una) the notion of London itself being a protectorate, rather than just the "Into the Mystic" shop.

Goliath and Hudson alike feel that protection is an important task of gargoyles; Hudson has many times repeated the adage, "A gargoyle can no more stop protecting the castle than breathing the air," and Goliath himself presented this credo to Coldstone in these words: "Gargoyles protect. It is our nature, our purpose. To lose that is to be corrupt, empty, lifeless."

And protection remains important for gargoyles, indeed. Only the most corrupt of them, such as Demona and Thailog, have rejected this duty. And there can be few anguishes greater for a gargoyle than failing to protect someone from harm. When gargoyles choose to protect an area, they will do so steadfastly, even when the humans whom they protect respond to them with fear and hatred. (Thus, Goliath found nothing strange about Raven and his "clan" supposedly protecting the very humans who had allegedly destroyed so many of them). Hudson could well be correct about it being as important to gargoyles as breathing.

Traditionally, gargoyles don't have names. They consider the concept a peculiar human custom; as Hudson once put it, "Must you humans name everything? Nothing's real to you until you've named it, given it limits... Does the sky need a name? Does the river?" However, by 1996 gargoyles have begun to accept the concept of names, at different times and ways for each clan. In the case of the Wyvern Clan, all of its members were nameless in the 10th century, except for Goliath. However, Demona received her name from Macbeth in 1040, following Duncan's overthrow, and the trio, Bronx, and Hudson took up their names after awakening in New York in 1994. The Avalon gargoyles were all named by Princess Katharine, the Magus, and Tom, and the London Clan and Ishimura Clan has adopted the process as well. Among the Mayan Clan, only the four Pendant Wearers have names, which they are given when they receive the magic stones. Demona has given the members of the Labyrinth Clan names as well. There are still a few gargoyle clans that do not use names, though. We do not as yet know which of the remaining clans use them or not.

In gargoyle society, the sexes are more or less equal. Female gargoyles are the ones who lay the eggs and nurse the young, of course, but other than that, male and female gargoyles alike fight as warriors to defend the clan, and female gargoyles are just as capable as male gargoyles of becoming seconds-in-command or leaders.

While gargoyles are not perfect, there seems to be less serious crime among them than among humans.

Some punishments for gargoyles who behave poorly are known, however. For minor offenses, a gargoyle can be sent to the rookery (a humiliating punishment, but one seldom inflicted). Treason is dealt with by the traitorous gargoyle being banished from the clan. This was the fate of Yama, after the Ishimura gargoyles' clash with Taro during the Avalon World Tour. Iago was also banished from the Wyvern Clan from 993 to 994 for his troublemaking.

Gargoyles think of themselves primarily as gargoyles. Individual gargoyles may pursue particular interests, such as Lexington's fascination with science and technology, but they never think of themselves as scientists, poets, artists, or what-have-you. They merely pursue it, without letting this interest define them.

Gargoyles have a vague religious belief, if one different from that of recognized human religions, both monotheistic and pantheistic. Their god is nameless, of course, undefined, and unlimited. Gargoyles see all things as part of the whole. Some gargoyles have an interest in the spiritual, but they merely follow this interest without seeing themselves as priests or priestesses. (The only known gargoyle at present with such interests was Desdemona). They have no creation myths, for the simple reason that they are not interested in their origins, just accepting themselves as existing.

When a gargoyle dies, the rest of the clan holds a Wind Ceremony for him or her, a farewell to stone and flesh, the equivalent to a human funeral. Their own beliefs about death can be expressed in these two sayings, "Death and life is all part of a whole," and "One passes through stages, but nothing ever dies."

Gargoyles are not magical beings in and of themselves, but some (such as Demona and Una) can learn magic. Gargoyles appear to have an ambivalent attitude towards such arts. Goliath distrusts it for the most part, often uttering when bewildered the cry of "What sorcery is this?", but has accepted the fact that sometimes magical help is required to keep his clan safe; he willingly sought aid from the Magus, for example, in repelling the Archmage's invasion of Avalon. (Much of his suspicion towards magic, in fact, may be based on his problems with various magic-workers over his life, including the Archmage, the Magus, Demona, and several members of Oberon's Children). The Wyvern gargoyles may have had some overall antipathy towards magic, in view of Demona's having had to take magic lessons from the Archmage only in secret, but the London gargoyles seem less suspicious towards it, in view of the fact that their shop sells magical goods and Una is a sorceress of some skill. The Guatemalan gargoyles, likewise, made a willing alliance with the wizard who crafted the Mayan Sun Amulet, and Zafiro, Obsidiana, Jade and Turquesa have (so far as we know) seen nothing wrong with making use of them. (For that matter, Goliath never condemned Leo and Una, or the Mayan gargoyles, for their connections to magic).

Usually, gargoyles don't make use of money, considering it unnecessary to their life-style. Under natural circumstances, gargoyles presumably obtained their food by hunting and gathering, which would certainly make a monetary system unnecessary. However, there are always exceptions, especially in the modern world. Demona and Thailog have both gathered great wealth, although for different reasons (Demona to use in financing her schemes to destroy humanity, Thailog to make himself a force to be reckoned with in the modern world). And the London gargoyles help support themselves economically through Leo and Una's shop, using the proceeds for such matters as paying taxes upon the land on which they dwell.

Real-World Background

Real-World Gargoyles

In the real world, gargoyles are primarily associated with the great stone buildings of medieval Europe, particularly cathedrals, although they were also placed atop castles. Technically speaking, the term "gargoyle" applies only to waterspouts shaped like bizarre creatures, made to carry water away from the building that they have been mounted on; such statues, when they do not serve such a purpose but are merely mounted atop a wall as pure decoration, are called "grotesques" or "chimeras."

The exact origins of architectural gargoyles are uncertain, although they may have been rooted in part in the pagan beliefs of pre-Christian Europe, lingering on in the people's memories even after the dawn of the High Middle Ages. As per the animated series, medieval people often saw gargoyles as a means of frightening demons away from the cathedrals upon which they were mounted, protecting them from the forces of Hell. The image of gargoyles as protectors, therefore, is indeed an accurate one. However, not all medieval churchmen approved of these sculptures; one in particular, the famous theologian St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), denounced them as absurd, useless, disgraceful, and a waste of money. Judging from how many gargoyles were raised upon such cathedrals as Notre Dame in Paris, few seem to have heeded his angry words.

One colorful legend about the origin of gargoyles states that in the 6th century, the town of Rouen was threatened by a dragon named Gargouille that arose out of the river Seine. Gargouille laid the lands around the town waste and devoured everyone in his path, until Archbishop Romanus defeated and slew him. He then consigned the dragon's body to the flames, but Gargouille's head and neck were too toughened by its fiery breath to be consumed. So the Archbishop had Gargouille's head mounted upon the walls of the town as a commemoration of the dragon's defeat. This, so the story goes, is the origin of both gargoyles themselves and their name. (In actual fact, the word "gargoyle" appears to derive from the French word "gargouille," meaning "throat," used here in an onomatopoeic sense to echo the gurgling noises that water makes when it goes down a throat).

Legend also states that the gargoyles of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris come to life at night and go flying about the city. (This legend was unknown to the Gargoyles production team at the time of the making of Gargoyles, however, and must be judged as merely an amusing coincidence).

Gargoyle-like sculptures, depicting fearsome creatures as "protectors", can be found in various other cultures, such as the Mayans, China, India, the Mesopotamians, the Persians, the ancient Egyptians, and even the ancient Greeks and Romans. This is reflected in the series' portrayal of the non-European gargoyles discovered during the Avalon World Tour in Guatemala and Japan. (The series also made use of a parallel notion in "Heritage", the totem poles of the Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, although as a red herring here; the creatures portrayed on the totem poles were actually "animal ancestors" of the humans who had originally raised them, rather than gargoyles, and the apparent gargoyles which Goliath and Angela met there were actually illusions of Raven).

Gargoyles still crown buildings today even in modern times, in the United States as well as in Europe. In real life as well as in the world of the television series, New York is filled with gargoyles; there are more gargoyles there, in fact, per square mile than anywhere else in the U.S. These new gargoyles are less horrific and more comical in appearance, however; a great many of them are even caricatures of noted personalities (particularly the gargoyles built in universities, who frequently bear a suspicious resemblance to members of the faculty).

Living gargoyles are often found in modern-day works of fantasy, and even more often in fantasy role-playing games, such as TSR's "Dungeons and Dragons", although unfortunately they are usually portrayed in such games as evil monsters. Somehow, perhaps because of their monstrous appearance, gargoyles have been transformed in the public imagination from protectors of the Church to demonic creatures. The Disney animated series has, happily, gone back to the older roots of gargoyles and restored them to their original function in it, although acknowledging the more recent and darker interpretation of them through the theme of the humans' fear and hatred of these beings.

See also

• Gargoyle at Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia